Age of Dryden (1660-1700): Guide notes.

The Restoration age (1660- 1700)

Restoration comedy is often referred to as "class drama" since they reflect a way of life cultured by upper class society. It is also called restoration comedy of manners  for this very reason. As seen in these plays so called polite society of the time was engaged in conscious living life to the top of its bed, determined to extract whatever pleasure they could get out of this. However, this was not true of the entire restoration community. But was restricted only to that class of society which patronised the theatre. The section of the intellectuals and fashionable world who were always at sixes and sevens in politics, religion and social convention. Such a way of life was not just reflected but the magnificence of the French contribution. The elegance of French court  life and also the fact that emperor Charles-II himself loved practised and encouraged this.
Unfortunately the imitation of French court  life was of inferior and superficial kind. The restoration age was also an age of enquiry and curiosity which extended to everyday life. Men and Women started experiencing in various social practices and were always trying to rationalize human relationships. They found that for them at least affection and sexual desire are quite different and they tried to organise society on the basis of this. Love in which the two facilities imaginatively fused scarcely of the existence for them. Since they accepted men as "incarnation of animals" it meant of course, of life to be easy, the persuit of a mistress must be an acknowledged amusement. You could , they believed, preserve your affections for your life and be sure of her for you, even if she/you had relatives with other men and women. These reflections of life is often exaggerated which contribute to the comic affect.
Restoration comedies were basically metropolitan in character, that is, there is universal praise of union but of strong detestation for the countryside. The villagetop and country people never consistent for there unsophistication.
The audience did not regard the actors as puppets playing role but they identified themselves as men living an existence which the audience were invited to share and identify. Unfortunately, however the characters became 'typed' and often their names reflected the nature of their character and sufficiency directed their disposition.
For example:- Sir John Brute, Carnal Bully, etc.
  • The comedy of manners thus represents the social habits, conventions,manners and follies of the elegant,gay, upper class asaociative society.
  • In these comedies sex did indeed became a battle of wits rather than a question of emotions. But it is not to be assumed that a figure represented in show has flesh and blood and then their human types.
  • Restoration comedies has often been charged with criticism that role objective of this place was bowdery. But a close analysis shows that though these plays did her stresses of bowdery but their main objective was never to tickle the desire of the audience

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Martyr's corner - R.K.Narayan: Guide notes and answers| Calcutta University

(The Martyr's Corner by R.K.Narayan.Taken from An Anthology of Short Stories for students of ICSE Schools,India)

Q1)  Give a brief analysis of the story  'Martyr's Corner's.                        

Answer:- The author persona                                R.K.Narayan's 'Martyr's corner' is an interesting yet saddening story ,set in the imaginary locale called the Malgudi,the telltale sign of which are easily noticeable.Though the existence of this place is purely fictional yet critics have made innumerable attempts to pin point on the map of India for the exact existence of this town of South India. It is to be understood that Malgudi in Sarayu is a mere imagination similar to that of Hardy's Wessex. In this story 'The Martyr's Corner', R. K Narayan has wonderfully embedded the themes of diligence, dedication, compassion,poverty,struggle and resilience. Taken from his Malgudi days collection, the story is narrated in third person by an unnamed narrator.

     Although others think that Rama only works for an hour a day selling off his goods but the reality speaks the exact opposite. Rama spends from eight in the morning to ten at night preparing the goods  and then selling them. This shows that Rama is not just diligent and hard working but dedicated as well. There is a sense of canny and knows where to pitch the goods. He sits outside the cinema hall waiting for the potential customers. His compassion for others is also depicted as he feels for the young boy, who is half-starved, polish the shoes outside the cinema hall.He doesn't like to see the customers swindle with the young boy. If anything Rama is a good natured man,kind to others, kind to his customers . Narayan tries to give an insight into life on street of India and the inseparable poverty that exists. The character mentioned in the story,none have much . Everyone appears to live hand to mouth. If anything people are struggling day in and day out. 
The theme of corruption has also been dragged into by Narayan. Rama gives some goods to the passing policemen and occasional workers of health department, so that they don't harass him and tell him to move on. On the other hand Rama's wife is a supportive woman and acts as a perfect banker as she saved the five rupees that Rama makes each day but soon there life takes a rash turning to all odds. After a man gets gets killed at this spot where Rama pitched his stall due to some ensued quarrel .  People collected enough money to set up a stone in memorial of there fallen leader. Rama's sales go down as he was forced to move two hundred yards away out of sight of his previous customers. Rama takes home two Anna where he previously used to earn five rupees. Despite the fall in income Rama is able to adapt. He finds the job of waiter in a restaurant and begins to work there. This shows how resilient Rama actually is. Although his business has ended but still he is focused on the future and doesn't allow his past to defeat him. Where some people give up Rama continues to move forward even if he no longer is his own boss.                   
 Q2)  Ventilate your views about the story Martyr's Corner'.
Answer :-The story 'Martyr's corner' aptly reveals that life is like a book where you know not what lies on the next page . Today's sunrise can even turn into the deadly darkness of tomorrow. The success of today cannot ensure that the tomorrow would remain equally bright. It  even tells us that it is not always that what you sow is what you reap. Sufferings might befall on us due to the fault of others. Sarcastically the author's naming the story 'Martyr's corner' on one side portrays the sick mentality of the politicians who give more importance to the dead while ignoring the plight of the living. Although the place is named 'Martyr's corner' in memoriam of the fallen leader but ultimately Rama stands as the true martyr.

Out of business- R.K.Narayan : Summary and notes| C.U.

Summary:- A debacle came down in Rama Rao's life as a result of circumstances. Rama Rao lost his job in the Gramophone Company when ...